§ 45

Law § 45 of Hammurabi's Code

Translation
If a man gave his field to a tenant farmer for rent and has also received the rent for his field, (and) afterwards Adad has inundated the field or else a flood has carried (it) off, the loss is the tenant farmer’s only.
Law Code
Law Code of Hammurabi
Law Group
Agricultural Tenants

Cuneiform

Law § 45 - Cuneiform - Law Code of Hammurabi

Source: Bergmann (1953, p. 9, col. XIII, lns. 35-46)

Transliteration

šum-ma a-wi-lum A.ŠÀ-šu a-na GUN a-na er-re-ši-im id-di-in-ma ù GUN A.ŠÀ-šu im-ta-ḫa-ar wa-ar-ka A.ŠÀ dIŠKUR ir-ta-ḫi-iṣ ù lu bi-ib-bu-lum it-ba-al bi-ti-iq-tum ša er-re-ši-im-ma

Source: Huehnergard (2011, p. 330)

Normalization

šumma awīlum eqelšu ana biltim ana errēšim iddim-ma u bilat eqlīšu imtaḫar, warka eqlam Adad irtaḫiṣ ū lū bibbulum itbal, bitiqtum ša errēšim-ma.

Source: Huehnergard (2013, p. 82)

Translation

If a man gave his field to a tenant farmer for rent and has also received the rent for his field, (and) afterwards Adad has inundated the field or else a flood has carried (it) off, the loss is the tenant farmer’s only.

Source: Huehnergard (2013, p. 82)

Citation

MLA 9

Dedović, B. "§ 45 - eHammurabi." OMNIKA Foundation, 26 Oct. 2023, ehlaw.org/law/45. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2026]

APA 7

Dedović, B. (2023, October 26). § 45 - eHammurabi. OMNIKA Foundation. https://ehlaw.org/law/45

CMS 16

Dedović, Boban. "§ 45 - eHammurabi." Las Vegas, NV: OMNIKA Foundation. Created October 26, 2023. Modified January 27, 2025. Accessed November 14, 2026. https://ehlaw.org/law/45.

Bibliography

ACH

Abulhab, Saad D. The Law Code of Hammurabi: Transliterated and Literally Translated from its Early Classical Arabic Language. New York, NY: Blautopf, 2017.

CHTP

Bergmann, Eugen. Codex Ḫammurabi: Textus Primigenius. Rome, Italy: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1953.

HAG3

Huehnergard, John. A Grammar of Akkadian (Third Edition). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011.

HKEY3

Huehnergard, John. Key to a Grammar of Akkadian (Third Edition). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013.

–

OMNIKA Foundation Contributors. "OMNIKA: Digital Mythology Library & Search Engine." Las Vegas, NV: OMNIKA Foundation, accessed November 14, 2023. https://omnika.org. [Visit]

RHL

Richardson, Mervyn E.J. Hammurabi's Laws: Text, Translation and Glossary. New York, NY: T & T Clark International, 2004.

SoT

Sound of Text Contributors. "Sound of Text: AI Text-to-Speech." Accessed November 14, 2023. https://soundoftext.app. [Visit]

eHammurabi Glossary

The § symbol is a shorthand notation for the word 'section'.

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eHammurabi Glossary

Cuneiform is an ancient writing system used by various cultures around Mesopotamia.

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eHammurabi Glossary

Normalization is the application of grammatical rules unto transliterated sound values.

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eHammurabi Glossary

Translation is the conversion of linguistic contents and their meanings from one language into another.

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eHammurabi Glossary

Transliteration is the conversion of sound values from one writing system into another.

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